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1、promise， covenant， engage。
2、 pledge， plight， swear。
3、 vow The central meaning shared by these verbs is “to declare solemnly that one will perform or refrain from a particular course of action”: 这些动词共同的中心意思是“严肃地宣布某人将履行或避免某一特定的行为方式”： promise to write soon; 许诺很快写信； covenanting to exchange their prisoners of war; 答应交换战俘； engaged to reorganize the department; 承诺重新组建这个部； pledged to uphold the law; 发誓要遵守法律； plighted their loyalty to the king; 向国王宣誓他们的忠诚； swore to get revenge; 发誓要报仇； vowed they would never surrender. 发誓他们将永不投降。
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